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AMERICAN  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION  REVIEW 


THE  PHYSICAL  TEST  OF  AM  AH; 


DR.  D.  A.  SARGENT,  CAMBRIDGE, 


One  of  the  strongest  of  the  natural 
forces  with  which  man  is  constantly 
ivity,  or  the  tendency 
of  his  body  to  be  attracted  and  held  to 
the  surface  of  the  earth.  The  infant  first 
crawls,  then  creeps  on  its  hands  and 
knees,  and  finally  by  the  aid  of  crib  or 

tir  or  mother's  assistance,  gets  onto  his 
feet.  The  raising  of  the  head,  the 
jhtening  of  the  spine,  grasping  with 
the  hands  and  feet,  and  striking  out  and 
kicking  with  the  arms  and  legs  are  only 
preliminary  movements  necessary  to  pre- 
pare for  the  standing  position.  All  the 
twisting,  rolling,  wriggling,  squirming, 
crawling,  creeping,  and  occasional  stiffen- 
ing and  straightening  of  the  trunk  and 
limbs  an  infant  can  be  induced  to  do,  the 
better  it  will  be  for  his  future  develop- 
ment. 

A  child  must  first  get  a  footing  in  the 
world  and  be  able  to  move  in  the  erect 
position  before  the  adult  may  properly 
function  as  a  human  being.  In  other 
words,  the  child  must  pass  in  a  few 
months  from  the  animal  stage  of  its 
existence  where  all  its  organic  inher- 
itances for  thousands  of  years  had  fitted 
its  body  to  resist  the  force  of  gravity  in 
a  horizontal  plane,  to  a  vertical  posi- 
tion where  gravity  acts  in  a  perpendicular 
plane.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  over  75 
per  cent  of  our  youth  of  both  sexes  have 
a  bad  posture,  and  that  so  few  ever 
attain  the  ability  to  meet  this  compar- 
atively new  strain — the  ability  to  sit  and 
stand  erect? 

If  there  is  any  doubt  as  to  the  serious- 
ness of  failing  to  measure  up  to  this  test 
of  young  manhood,  ask  your  physician  as 
to  the  fundamental  causes  of  the  follow- 
ing list  of  physical  imperfections :  spinal 
curvature,  knock  knees,  bow  legs,  flat 
feet,  drooping  head,  round  shoulders, 
weak  backs,  varicose  veins,  hernia,  sag- 
ging of  the  abdominal  organs,  misplace- 
ment of  the  pelvic  organs,  and  many 
other  physical  weaknesses  and  defects 
which  afflict  mankind. 

These  prevailing  weaknesses  are  mainly 
due  to  the  failure  of  the  body  to  make 
provision  to  resist  this  constant  force  of 


•ravity  to  pull  us  down  irom  our  top- 
lofty, vertical  position  to  a  horizontal 
plane.  We  pay  our  respect  to  this  natural 
force  by  availing  ourselves  of  every  op- 
portunity to  lean,  sit,  and  recline  at  our 
work  throughout  the  day,  and  we  finally 
yield  to  it  completely  by  assuming  a 
horizontal  position  for  sleep  at  night. 

Many  of  these  bodily  weaknesses  and 
imperfections  to  which  I  have  refe 
have  arisen  largely  from  civilized  man's 
neglect  to  care  for  the  form  and  sti 
of  his  bodily  mechanism 'as  an  African 
Zulu  or  Sandwich  Islander  would  do. 
Instead  of  priding  himself  upon  his 
ity  to  sit  straight  without  support  for  !..„ 
spine  and  legs,  as,  shown  by  many  of  the 
savage  tribesmen,  civilized  man  It 
riates  in  upholstered  chairs  and  loun^ 
moulded  to  his  physical  defects, — and 
then  wonders  why  he  has  a  weak  back 
and  can  not  stand  in  a  vertical  position. 

Yet  the  ability  to  stand  erect,  thereby 
relieving  the  arms  and  hands  from  sup- 
porting the  body,  and  conserving  their 
strength  to  be  directed  into  self-chosen 
activities  constitutes  man's  supreme  in- 
heritance. 

How  is  this  ability  attained?  By 
gradually  strengthening  and  developing 
the  muscles  all  up  and  down  the  front 
and  back  of  the  trunk  and  legs.  These 
muscles  hold  the  body  balanced  in  perfect 
equilibrium  over  the  two  feet,  which,  in 
length  and  breadth  taken  tog<  '' 
erage  about  one-sixth  the  perpendicular 
height.  When  the  body  is  thus  accurately 
balanced  on  the  bones  of  the  le"^  - 
spine,  gravity  is  acting  parallel  with  th< 
bones,  and  consequently  the  strain  is 
taken  largely  from  the  muscles  and 
thrown  onto  the  bones  and  ligaments. 

If  one  relaxes  from  this  vertical  posi- 
tion, and  stands  with  the  body  flexed  or 
bent  forward  at  the  knees,  hips,  back,  and 
neck,  the  strain  is  then  brought  upon  the 
muscles  and  after  a  little  while  the  ef 
of  standing  becomes  intolerable.  But 
strain  or  pain  means  loss  of  power  and 
energy.  This  is  the  reason  why  a  perfect 
poise  in  standing  or  sitting  is  the  most 


78X689 


economical-position   th.-i.r    can   be   main- 
tained. 

Although; the. ability  of  a  man  to  stand 
on  hjfsvi$Sfe  awd  maintain  perfect  poise 
is  of  vital  importance,  it  is  not  the  only 
requisite.  He  has  other  things  to  do. 

iod    of    youth, 


wnne  one  is  acquiring  ms  siaiui 
should  be  used  so  as  to  stimulate  the 
growth  force,  not  to  retard  it,  as  is  often 
done  by  keeping  children  too  long  on 
their  feet  either  in  working  or  playing. 
It  is  better  to  continually  fall  and  try  to 
rise  again  than  to  remain  standing  too 
long. 

A  young  man  having  acquired  full 
stature,  and  learned  to  stand  and  sit  cor- 
rectly in  defiance  of  the  laws  of  gravity, 
must  generate  still  more  force  and  let 
gravity  act  in  harmony  with  his  phys- 
iological necessities  and  his  mental  and 
physical  desires.  In  other  words,  he  must 
add  to  his  weight  as  well  as  his  height  be- 
fore he  can  cut  any  figure  in  the  world, 
bear  his  own  burdens,  fight  his  own  bat- 
tles, and  render  service  to  others.  This 
means  that  he  must  extend  his  growth 
force  and  developmental  energies  into 
body  breadths,  depths,  and  thicknesses  as 
determined  by  given  measurements,  as 
well  as  into  lengths  or  vertical  directions. 
The  only  way  of  adding  effective  weight 
is  through  the  development  of  the  mus- 
cles which  constitute  nearly  50  per  cent 
of  all  the  tissues  of  the  normal  man. 
and  determine  to  a  large  extent  the  size 
and  function  of  the  other  organs.  By 
this  use  of  the  term  muscle,  I  do  not  refer 
to  the  large  superficial  voluntary  mus- 
cles only,  but  to  the  muscles  of  digestion, 
circulation  respiration,  glandular  organs, 
special  senses,  etc.  The  only  way  that 
any  muscle  tissue  may  be  developed  is 
through  the  activities ;  and  our  respon- 
sibility for  the  proper  training,  nutrition, 
and  consequent  development  of  this  part 
of  our  anatomy  is  great  indeed. 

The  primary  object  of  all  the  efforts 
of  physical  education  through  athletic 
games,  sports,  plays,  and  general  gym- 
nastics, is  to  add  to  the  power  and  ef- 
ficiency of  mind  and  body  through  the 
agency  of  the  muscular  system.  This 
efficiency  is  determined  largely,  I  shall 
hope  to  show,  through  the  intimate  re- 
lation of  body  height  and  weight.  These 
two  factors  are  always  taken  into  con- 


sideration in  publishing  the  names  of 
players  on  the  great  football  teams,  boat 
crews,  and  in  other  athletic  organizations. 
Why?  Simply  because  in  a  vague  way. 
there  is  thought  to  be  a  correlation  be- 
tween the  height  and  weight  and  a  man's 
physical  efficiency.  Up  to  the  normal 

sd  to 

increase  with  his  height  and  weight.  Men 
are  matched  in  boxing,  wrestling,  and 
tug-of-war  contests  according  to  their 
weights,  such  as  lightweights,  135 
pounds;  middleweights,  160  pounds: 
heavyweights,  175  pounds;  etc.  In  box- 
ing and  wrestling,  at  least,  this  weight 
classification  is  further  refined  by  hav- 
ing a  bantam-weight  class  of  115,  a 
featherweight  class  of  125,  a  welter- 
weight class  of  145,  and  a  heavyweight 
class  for  all  men  over  175  Ibs. 

No  team,  crew  or  individual  contest- 
ants would  be  considered  well-matched 
if  they  had  to  give  or  accept  much  dif- 
ference in  weight  from  their  opponents. 
So  we  find  in  studying  the  characteristics 
of  different  types  of  athletes  and  gym- 
nasts that  variations  in  stature  or  total 
height,  sitting  height,  height  of  knee,  and 
relative  length  of  trunk  and  limbs,  tend 
to  favor  different  classes  of  athletic  per- 
formers. As  a  rule,  the  oarsman  is 
favored  by  having  a  long  body  and 
relatively  short  legs ;  the  middle  distance 
runner,  jumper,  and  hurdler  by  having 
long  legs  and  a  relatively  short  body ;  the 
gymnasts  by  having  short  arms ;  and  the 
heavy  lifter  by  having  short  thighs.  And 
so  through  the  whole  range  of  athletic 
specialists,  each  gains  some  mechanical 
advantage  from  the  development  that  is 
peculiar  to  him. 

Woman's  incapacity  for  certain  kinds 
of  physical  activities  as  compared  with 
man's  arises  largely  from  the  fact  that 
she  is  on*  the  average  25  pounds  lighter 
and  five  inches  shorter  than  he  is.  The 
whole  Japanese  race  averages  only  five 
feet  four  inches  in  stature,  due  largely 
to  their  relatively  short  legs  that  have 
undoubtedly  been  made  so  by  their  long- 
continued  racial  habit  of  sitting  on  their 
heels  with  their  legs  sharply  bent  under 
them.  These  facts  and  many  more  have 
come  to  us  through  our  studies  in  an- 
thropometry and  the  classification  of 
physical  measurements. 

Age.    sex.    and    race   are    rightly   con- 


•IMEKIC.-IX  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION  REVIEW 


sidered  the  dominant  factors  in  evaluat- 
ing any  body  measurements,  and  the 
height,  weight,  and  chest  girth  are  ad- 
mittedly the  most  important  of  these 
measurements.  Moreover,  there  is  a 
probable  standard  of  height,  weight,  and 
chest  girth  for  every  age,  each  sex  and  all 
the  different  races.  These  facts  are 
known  in  a  general  way  by  those  whose 
business  it  is  to  make  physical  examina- 
tions, such  as  surgeons  in  the  army  and 
navy,  life-insurance  examiners,  and 
physicians  who  examine  school  and  col- 
lege students,  candidates  for  civil  service, 
and  employees  in  all  the  different  trades 
and  industries  where  physical  conditions 
are  now  being  taken  into  consideration. 
So.  in  theory  at  least,  it  may  be  well 
said  in  support  of  the  relationship  of 
bodily  measurements  and  vital  functions 
"that  the  greater  advance  we  may  make 
in  inquiries  of  this  nature,  the  more  per- 
fectly is  the  law  of  proportion  that  gov- 
erns the  typical  man  demonstrated ;  ren- 
dering it  equally  apparent  how  undue  or 
imperfect  development  of  any  one  organ 
or  function  throws  the  remaining  or- 
ganism out  of  gear,  and  constitutes  a 
greater  or  less  tendency  to  disease." 

In  popular  estimation  it  takes  so  many 
inches  and  so  many  pounds  and  a  certain 
size  chest  girth  to'make  a  man,  and  this 
estimation  is  borne  out  largely  by  expe- 
rience. Hence,  the  universal  interest  in 
the  physical  measurements  of  the  human 
body.  However,  those  of  us  who  are 
engaged  in  making  physical  measure- 
ments of  men  by  the  thousand  soon  learn 
the  limitations  of  the  information  which 
comes  to  us  from  this  source  alone. 
While  it  is  true  that  the  strength  and 
functional  capacity  of  a  part  generally 
increases  with  the  size  of  that  part,  other 
things  being  equal,  the  number  of  cases 
where  other  things  are  not  equal  is  so 
numerous  that  the  generalization  should 
be  greatly  modified. 

The  measurements  alone  do  not  tell  us 
anything  of  the  texture  and  quality  of  the 
parts  covered,  i.e.,  how  much  is  fat  or 
bone,  and  how  much  muscle,  nor  do  the 
measurements  alone  give  us  any  informa- 
tion of  innervation  of  the  parts,  upon 
which  power  and  efficiency  so  frequently 
depend.  Even  if  we  accept  the  physical 
measurements  of  a  man  as  an  indication 
of  his  potential  power,  as  so  many  of  us 


almost  intuitively  do.  we  are  soon  taught 
by  experience  that  there  is  in  many  men 
an  unknown  equation  which  makes  lor 
power  and  efficiency  which  has  never 
been  determined  and  which  can  only  lie 
measured  by  an  actual  test. 

The  important  question  is,  what  is  this 
unknown  equation  and  how  can  it  be 
simply  and  practically  tested  and  nu- 
merically expressed  ?  "With  a  good  many 
others,  I  have  been  wrestling  with  this 
problem  for  years  by  the  way  of  strength 
tests,  endurance  tests,  speed  tests,  eU\, 
but  have  never  come  across  any  one  that 
satisfied  me  or  quite  met  the  demands  of 
the  situation.  It  is  said  that  every  pioneer 
or  inventor  or  discoverer,  if  he  fives  long 
enough,  goes  through  three  stages  in  his 
career.  The  first  one  is  where  his  prop- 
ositions are  unfounded  and  absurd;  the 
second  stage  is  where  if  proven  true,  they 
are  not  original ;  and  the  third  stage  is 
where  they  are  so  self-evident  that  any 
fool  ought  to  have  thought  of  them.  I 
have  now  arrived  at  the  third  stage  in  my 
career,  and  want  to  share. what  seems  to 
me  the  simplest  and  most  effective  of  all 
tests  of  physical  ability  with  the  other 
fools  who  have  been  'looking  for  one. 
I  have  dwelt  at  some  length  upon  gravity 
as  a  constant  force  to  be  overcome  and 
its  relation  to  the  height  and  weight  and 
other  measurements  of  the  body.  The 
new  test  that  I  offer  consists  of  using 
the  constant  factors  of  height  and  weight 
which  one  always  has  with  him.  in  a  little 
different  way  than  is  commonly  thought 
of.  It  is  so  simple  and  yet  so  effective 
for  testing  the  strongest  man  or  weakest 
woman  or  child  that  one  feels  almost  like 
apologizing  to  the  general  public  for 
mentioning  it. 

THE  NEW  TEST. 

The  individual  to  be  tested  stands  un- 
der a  cardboard  disk,  or  paper  b*ox  cover, 
heavy  and  stiff  enough  to  hold  its  form, 
about  twelve  inches  in  diameter,  held  or 
suspended  from  ten  to  twenty  or  more 
inches  above  his  head.  He  is  then  re- 
quested to  bend  forward,  flexing  the 
trunk,  knees,  and  ankles,  and  then  by  a 
powerful  jump  upward,  straightening  the 
legs  and  spine,  to  try  to  touch  the  card- 
board disk  with  the  top  of  the  head. 
Swinging  the  bent  arms  forward  and  tip- 


E  PHYSICAL  7 


OF  A  MAX 


ward  at  the  time  the  legs,  back,  and  neck 
are  extended,  will  be  found  to  add  to 
the  height  of  the  jump.  When  the  disk 
has  been  placed  at  the  highest  point  above 
the  head  that  can  be  just  touched  in 
iumping,  this  height  is  measured.  The 
difference  between  this  height  and  that 
of  the  total  stature  is  of  course  the  height 
actually  jumped. 

Xow,  if  this  height  is  multiplied  into 
the  total  weight  of  the  body  at  the  time 
of  making  the  jump,  it  will  give  one  some 
idea  of  the  amount  of  work  done  in  foot 
pounds  as  usually  calculated.  But  it  will 
be  observed,  no  credit  is  given  for  lifting 
the  full  weight  of  the  body  from  the  deep 
knee  or  squatting  position  to  the  per- 
pendicular standing  position,  which 
difference  represents  about  half  the 
height.  The  total  work  depends  upon 
how  heavy  and  how  tall  the  individual  is. 
Thus,  if  a  man  weighs  150  pounds  and 
is  70  inches  tall,  one-half  of  that  height 
would  be  35  inches,  which,  multiplied 
into  the  full  weight  and  divided  by  12 
(to  reduce  inches  to  feet)  would  equal 
43?  foot  pounds,  thus : 

Formula  A  = 

Weight  X  Half  the  Height 

— -  -43.  P.P. 


In  estimating  work  done  outside  of  the 
body,  this  amount  of  energy  expended 
is  not  always  taken  into  consideration  as 
power  expended.  In  the  new  test,  how- 
ever, an  individual  must  not  only  do  a 
certain  amount  of  work  in  physical  effort 
in  rising  from  the  crouching  attitude  to 
the  perpendicular  position,  but  he  must 
generate  force  enough  to  project  his  body 
10,  20,  or  30  inches  into  the  air,  above 
the  height  attained  in  the  standing  posi- 
tion. If  this  person  weighing  150  pounds 
should  jump  20  inches  above  his  height, 
this  weight  multiplied  by  20  and  divided 
by  12  would  equal  250  F.  P.  thus: 

Formula  B  = 

Weight  X  Height  Jumped  _ 
12 

This  amount  of  work  done  would  be 
acceptable  according  to  the  usual  meth- 
ods of  estimating  man  power.  Both 
the  A  and  B  formulae  are  frequently  used 
for  tests  of  the  physical  basis  of  effi- 
ciency. The  height  jumped  will  depend 


deal  upon  the  length  of  the  leg: 


an  exact  ratio  of  the  height  jumped  to 
the  stature  would  seem  to  make  the  test 
more  equitable.  Thus,  if  the  man  weigh- 
ing 150  pounds  was  70  inches  tall  and 
jumped  20  inches  above  his  head,  the 
ratio  of  20  to  70  would  account  for  this 
advantage  in  height.  This  ratio  may  be 
obtained  bv  the  following  formula : 


Formula  C  — 

Height  Jumped  >;  100  _ 
Total  Height 

Although  the  formulae  A,  B.  and  C 
are  interesting  in  enabling  one  to  account 
for  his  efficiency  or  deficiency  in  the  test, 
these  formulae  may  be  dispensed  with  in 
favor  of  one  including  the  three  impor- 
tant factors  which  we  are  considering. 
If  then,  in  the  new  test  we  multiply  the 
total  weight  by  the  height  jumped'  and 
divide  this  product  by  the  total  height  of 
the  person  in  inches  the  result  will  give  a 
fair  index  of  the  effort  made  in  the  small- 
est number  of  figures.  This  is  always  an 
advantage  in  making  a  test  and  handling 
the  data  for  statistical  purposes. 

Thus  if  the  individual  tested  weighed 
150  pounds  and  jumped  20  inches  above 
his  head  and  was  70  inches  tall,  the 
formula  for  his  efficiency  index  would 
be  as  follows : 

Index  — 

Weight  X  Jump  _150  X  20  _  ^  ^ 
Height  or  Stature"        70 

As  an  example  of  the  way  this  formula 
works  out  in  practice,  I  have  selected  the 
first  ten  pupils  graded  according  to  this 
test  from  the  Sargent  School  of  some 
four  hundred  pupils.  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  none  of  the  girls  had  any  pre- 
liminary practice  for  this  particular  test, 
other  than  that  which  comes  to  them  in 
their  regular  school  work.  \Yith  the 
freshmen  at  least  it  was  largely  a  ques- 
tion of  natural  ability.  <  See  Table  I.) 

Xo.  1  is  a  vigorous  athletic  girl,  being 
fit.r>  inches  in  height  and  152  pounds  in 
weight.  She  jumps  •>(•  inches  above 
her  head  which  is  .300  of  her  height, 
does  253  foot  pounds  of  work  (as 
shown  by  multiplying  her  weight  by 
the  height  jumped  and  dividing  that 


AMERICA*  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION  REl'lEW 


TABLE  I. 

FIRST  TEN*  OUT  OF  FOUR  HUNDRED  TESTED  AT  THE  SARGENT  SCHOOL  OF  PHYSICAL 
EDUCATION,  CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 


Ratio 
Jump  to 
Height 


1.  L.V.  M.     Jun.       20      20 


!.  M.  N.  G.  Sen. 

3.  M.E.W. 

4.  M.  J.  O.  Jun. 

5.  H.W.  Sen.  15.3 

6.  M.  E.  F.  Fresh.      1' 

'.  J.I.J.  Fresh.  14 

8.  E.  M.  B.  Sen. 

9.  H.A.  B.  Fi 

10.  B.  S.  Fresh.      18      17.5 

Average  &•*     "•* 

product  by  12)  and  has  an  energy  index 
of  45. 

No.  2  has  an  energy  index  of  43.2. 
Although  she  is  shorter  and  lighter  than 
some  of  her  mates  and  does  less  foot 
pounds  of  work  than  four  others  in  the 
group,  she  lifts  her  weight  higher  in  pro- 
portion to  her  height,  and  therefore  gets 
a  high  score.  She  is  an  earnest  student 
and  a  good  all-round  athlete,  but  not  a 
star. 

No.  3  is  the  star  athlete  of  her  class, 
excelling  especially  in  running  and  jump- 
ing. In  this  test  she  jumps  20.5  inches 
above  her  height,  but  she  is  4.5  inches 
taller  than  No.  2  and  does  not  lift  her 
weight  as  high  in  proportion  to  her 
height. 

No.  4  although  of  the  same  weight  as 
Nos.  2  and  3,  and  jumping  the  same  pro- 
portion of  her  height  as  the  girl  above 
her,  does  not  jump  as  high  and  therefore 
gets  a  little  lower  index. 

No.  5  jumps  nearly  five  inches  less 
than  those  who  have  preceded  her,  but 
she  is  a  strong  husky  girl  weighing  176 
pounds  and  to  raise  this  weight  a  less 
height  requires  a  high  index. 

No.  6  has  the  same  index  as  No.  5,  al- 
though she  is  3.i>  inches  shorter  and 
weighs  31  pounds  less.  She  makes  up 
for  this  difference  in  weight  and  height 
by  jumping  an  inch  and  a  half  higher,  and 
jumping  a  greater  per  cent  of  her  height. 

Xo.  7  is  the  heaviest  girl  in  the  school, 
weighing  196  pounds,  and  is  68  inches 


in  height.  As  might  be  expected  she 
jumps  the  least  height  of  any  in  the 
group,  and  the  least  percentage  of  her 
own  height.  But  she  projects  196  pounds 
fourteen  inches  above  her  head  and 
thereby  does  240  foot  pounds  of  work, 
which 'makes  her  the  second  strongest 
one  on  the  list. 

No.  8,  although  she  lac1-  *u ~~ ^* 

ical  advantage  in  height  thai  a  gin  ui  u< 
or  68  inches  would  possess,  and  has  the 
least  advantage  in  weight  of  any  in  the 
group,  still  manages  to  project  her  117.5 
pounds  20.5  inches  above  her  head,  which 
is  the  highest  ratio  of  her  < 
of  any  in  the  group  (.333). 
quite  strong  for  her  hei^ 
very  energetic — she  also  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  highest  ranking  scholar 
in  her  class.  The  records  of  Nos.  9  and 
10  are  self-explanatory.  They  are  girls 
of  fine  natural  physiques,  ^good  athletes, 
superior  to  the  average  in  height  and 
weight,  and  will  show  a  much  higher  in- 
dex after  a  little  more  training. 

I  have  commented  upon  the  variations 
in  physique  as  shown  by  the  height  and 
weight  in  these  seven  individuals,  be- 
cause these  variations  illustr; 
pensating  nature  of  the  t< 
variation  of  7.4  inches  in  height  and  78.5 
pounds  in  weight,  there  is  little  dif 
in  their  physical  ability  as  showi 
test,  as  all  were  able  to  make 
ten  in  the  school.  What  one  lacks  in 


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height  and  length  of  limb,  she  makes  up 
in  strength,  speed,  and  energy ;  what  an- 
other lacks  in  weight  she  makes  up  in 
height  and  energy ;  what  still  another  one 
lacks  in  energy  and  speed  she  makes  up 
in  superior  height,  strength,  and  "weight ; 
while  still  another  who  lacks  both  in 
height  and  weight  has  to  make  up  for 


this  deficiency  by  greater  determination, 
will  power,  nerve  force,  or  some  other 
unknown  quality,  that  makes  for  physical 
efficiency.  If  any  one  of  the  factors 
chosen  for  the  formula  had  been  adopted 
as  a  standard,  it  would  have  brought  a 
little  different  type  of  girl  to  the  front. 
This  is  shown  by  the  following  table : 


TABLE  II. 


STANDING    OI 


'IRST  TEN  ACCORDING  TO  OTH 
WEIGHT,  ETC. 


ACTORS  AS,  JUMP,  HEIGHT, 


.  V.  M. 

2.  M.  M.  G 

3.  M.  E.  W 

4.  M.  J.  O. 

5.  H.  W. 

6.  M.  E.  F. 
7-  J.  I.  J. 

8.  E.  M.  B. 

9.  H.  A.  B. 
10.  B.  S. 


1.  M.  E.  W 

2.  E.  M.  B. 

3.  L.  V.  M. 

4.  M.  M.  G 

5.  M.  J.  O. 

6.  B.  S. 

7.  M.  E.  F. 

8.  H.  A.  B. 

9.  H.  W. 
10.  J.  I.  J. 


1.  J.  I.  J. 

2.  H.  A.  B. 

3.  L.  V.  M. 

4.  M.  E.  W 

5.  B.  S. 

6.  H.  W. 

7.  E.  M.  B. 

8.  M.  M.  G. 

9.  M.  E.  F. 


Ratio  of 
Jump  to  Heigh 

1.  E.  M.  B. 

J.  M.  M.  G. 

3.  M.  E.  W 

4.  M.  I.  O. 

5.  L.  V.  M. 

6.  B.  S. 

7.  M.  E.  F. 
S.  H.  W. 

9.   H.  A.  B. 
10.  J.I.  J. 


Foot  Pounds 


3.  M.  E.  \V 

4.  H.  W. 

5.  M.  M.  G, 


6.  M.  J.  O. 

7.  H.  A.  B. 
S.   B.  S. 

9.   M.  E.  F. 
10.   E.  M.  B. 


AMERICAN  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION  REVIEW 


It  will  be  observed  by  referring  to 
Table  II,  that,  if  the  height  of  the  jump 
had  been  the  only  factor  considered 
M.  E.  W.  and  E.  M.  B.  would  have  come 
to  the  front  as  1  and  2 ;  or  if  height  and 
weight  had  been  the  prime  factors,  J.  I.  J., 
who  was  10  in  the  jump,  would  have  been 
put  in  the  first  place.  If  the  height 
jumped  in  proportion  to  her  own  height 
had  been  accepted  as  the  final  test,  E.  M. 
B.  would  have  reached  first  place,  though 
she  ranked  10  in  weight  and  strength. 
Then  again,  if  foot  pounds  of  work  done, 
as  usually  calculated  had  been  adopted  as 
the  standard,  J.  I.  J.  would  have  come 
up  from  tenth  place  in  height  really 
jumped  and  ratio  of  height  jumped  to 
second  place.  The  foot-pound  formula 
is  perhaps  the  best  test  for  real  strength 
and  gives  the  taller  and  heavier  girls  a 
decided  advantage. 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  the 
three  girls  who  come  the  nearest  to  the 
front  in  all  the  factors  that  make  up  the 
test  are  those  that  stand  1,  2.  and  3,  ac- 
cording to  the  index  adopted.  What  this 
index  as  thus  obtained  really  indicates  is 
a  question  that  may  well  engage  our  at- 
tention. 

First,  no  one  would  deny  that-  the  abil- 
ity to  project  one's  weight  20  or  30 
inches  into  the  air,  against  the  force  of 
gravity  requires  strength  on  the  part  of 
the  muscles  engaged  in  the  effort.  No 
one  would  deny  that  the  effort  would 
have  to  be  made  with  a  certain  degree 
of  velocity  or  speed  in  order  to  create 
impetus  enough  to  carry  the  body  twenty 
inches  above  its  own  level  in  the  standing 
position.  Further,  no  one  would  deny 
that  back  of  the  requisite  strength  of 
muscle  fibers  and  rapidity  with  which 
they  are  made  to  contract  there  must  be 
energy,  "pep,"  "vim/'  vitality,  or  what- 


ever it  may  be  termed  which  drives  our 
internal  machinery.  Overlapping  all,  qf 
course,  is  the  skill  or  dexterity  with  which 
the  jump  is  executed. 
v  I  think,  therefore,  that  the  test 
whole  may  be  considered  as  a  momentary 
try-out  of  one's  strength,  speed,  energy 
and  dexterity  combined,  which,  in  my 
opinion,  furnishes  a  fair  physical  test 
of  a  man,  and  solves  in  a  simple  way  his 
unknown  equation  as  determined  poten- 
tially by  his  height  and  weight.  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  parts  tested,  namely, 
the  muscles  of  the  feet,  calves,  thighs, 
buttocks,  back,  neck,  anterior  deltoid, 
chest,  and  biceps  are  the  muscles  most 
used  in  all  forms  of  athletics,  sports, 
track  and  field  games,  setting,  up  ex- 
ercises, posture  drills,  etc.,  and  are  of 
fundamental  importance  in  all  the  active 
industries.  For  this  reason,  I  think  it 
should  precede  any  other  all-round  phys- 
ical test  in  basic  value. 

In  presenting  this  paper  for  discussion, 
I  have  intentionally  narrowed  myself 
down  to  a  consideration  of  the  factors  in- 
volved in  making  the  test,  omitting  the 
experience  that  has  led  up  to  it,  and  the 
application  that  may  be  made  of  it,  and 
the  method  of  conducting  it. 

To  those  who  wish  to  try  the  exper- 
iment, I  would  suggest  that  the  jump  be 
made  in  gymnasium  slippers  or  at  least 
in  shoes  with  low  heels,  and  as  the  fac- 
tors, weight,  height,  and  height  jumped 
are  to  be  multiplied  and  divided  in  the 
calculation,  that  all  the  measurements  be 
made  with  the  greatest  accuracy. 

If  the  test  is  of  any-  value,  then  the 
standardization  of  it,  and  the  collection 
of  different  data  concerning  it  will,  of 
course,  be  of  the  greatest  importance, 
and  follow  naturally  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  want  to  make  use  of  it. 


